AOD-9604 Source

07 // The literature

AOD-9604 References: The Published Literature, Indexed

Every figure on this site posts to one of these entries, with a DOI or PubMed link.

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How to read this index

This is the full AOD-9604 reference ledger. Each numbered entry is a study or review cited somewhere on the site; the bracketed markers in the text ([1], [2], and so on) map to these numbers. Where a study has a DOI it is listed; where the primary identifier is a PubMed ID, the PubMed link resolves it. Preclinical entries (mouse, rat, rabbit, in vitro) are the bulk of the mechanism record; the human entries are the safety/tolerability program and the reviews that report the null obesity outcome. The full citation list, with journals and years, is rendered below.

  1. Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189. ↗
  2. Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, Summers R, Conway-Campbell B, Waters MJ, Ng FM. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-1449. ↗
  3. Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaka R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R. Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274-278. ↗
  4. Bornstein J, Ng FM, Heng D, Wong KP. Metabolic actions of pituitary growth hormone. I. Inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase by human growth hormone and a carboxyl terminal part sequence acting through a second messenger. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1983;103(4):479-486. ↗
  5. Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3(1-2):7-15. ↗
  6. More MI, Kenley D. Safety and Metabolism of AOD9604, a Novel Nutraceutical Ingredient for Improved Metabolic Health. J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;4(3):64-77. ↗
  7. AOD-9604 (Metabolic Pharmaceuticals). Drug development profile. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):437-441. ↗
  8. Halford JC. Obesity drugs in clinical development. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2006;7(4):312-318. ↗
  9. Ng FM, et al. Metabolic studies localising the lipolytic/antilipogenic activity of human growth hormone to the synthetic C-terminal AOD9604 domain. Horm Res. 2000;53(6):274-278. ↗
  10. Kwon DR, Park GY. Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45(4):426-432. ↗
  11. Adan RA. Central and peripheral molecular targets for antiobesity pharmacotherapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87(6):748-751. ↗
  12. Stier H, Vos E, Kenley D. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans (reporting the discontinued obesity program and absence of significant weight loss versus placebo). J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;3(1-2):7-15. ↗
  13. Coutinho LFD, De Oliveira Neves LF, Camilo RP. A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2026. ↗
  14. AOD-9604 (Metabolic Pharmaceuticals): development profile and discontinuation of the obesity program. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):437-441. ↗
  15. World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List, Section S2 (Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics) — growth-hormone fragments including AOD-9604 are prohibited at all times in sport. WADA. ↗
  16. Schänzer W, Thevis M. Human sports drug testing by mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2017;36:16-46. ↗
  17. Thomas A, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thieme D, Dellanna F, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2016;39:333-341. ↗
  18. Ng FM, et al. Effect of an antilipogenic fragment of human growth hormone on glucose transport in rat adipocytes. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993;31(4):631-639. ↗
  19. Ng FM, et al. Molecular and cellular actions of a structural domain of human growth hormone (AOD9401) on lipid metabolism in Zucker fatty rats. J Mol Endocrinol. 2000;25(3):287-298. ↗
  20. Vanhee C, Moens G, Deconinck E, De Beer JO. Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604. Drug Test Anal. 2014;6:964-968. ↗
  21. Ng FM, Bornstein J. Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(5):E521-E526. ↗